How Fertility Works: The Basics of Conception

Understanding How Fertility Works

Fertility is a complex yet natural process that relies on egg and sperm health, ovulation timing, and a supportive reproductive system. When all these factors align, conception occurs. However, 1 in 6 Australian couples experience fertility challenges, making it essential to understand how fertility works and what influences reproductive health.

Step 1: Ovulation – The Release of an Egg

Ovulation is when a mature egg is released from the ovary, traveling through the fallopian tube, where it awaits fertilisation. This typically happens around day 14 of a 28-day cycle, though cycle lengths vary.

• You are most fertile in the 2-3 days before ovulation and on the day of ovulation 
• Tracking ovulation using basal body temperature, cervical mucus changes, or ovulation predictor kits can help identify peak fertility days.

Step 2: Sperm Health & Fertilisation

For conception to occur, healthy sperm must reach and fertilise the egg within 12-24 hours after ovulation. Sperm can survive in the female reproductive tract for 3-5 days, increasing the fertility window.

• Lifestyle factors like smoking, alcohol, obesity, and stress can impact sperm quality.

Step 3: Implantation & Early Pregnancy

Once fertilisation occurs, the embryo travels to the uterus and implants into the uterine lining within 5-10 days. A healthy uterine environment is crucial for pregnancy success.

• Only 30-40% of fertilised eggs successfully implant and develop into a pregnancy 
• Early pregnancy signs can include mild cramping, implantation bleeding, and hormonal changes.

Factors That Affect How Fertility Works

Several factors influence conception success:

• Age: Female fertility declines after 35, with a 5% monthly pregnancy chance at 40 compared to 20% at 30 
• Lifestyle: Smoking, excessive alcohol, and poor diet can lower fertility in both men and women.
• Medical Conditions: PCOS, endometriosis, thyroid disorders, and uterine abnormalities can impact fertility.

When to Seek Fertility Advice

• If you’ve been trying to conceive for 12 months (under 35) or 6 months (35 and older) without success.
• If you experience irregular cycles, painful periods, recurrent miscarriage, or known fertility issues.

Take the Next Step Towards Parenthood

Understanding how fertility works empowers you to make informed choices about your reproductive health. If you’re facing fertility challenges, Dr. Basu offers expert fertility assessments and personalized guidance to support your journey.